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Learn Spanish Courses Online Videoconference

Because the business world is so global these days, it is important for all business people to know the English language. So much business is done with English speaking countries that many companies make it a policy to do business with other countries in English, whether either one of them speaks the language or not. This is why it is important to use corporate training using WebEx. This is a basic video conferencing technology that many companies already use for conference calls and meetings. There also is a huge benefit to learning the language using this software.

One of the main reasons that many companies are using corporate training using WebEx is because it is a better way to learn the English language. Many other English training companies simply have your download a document that will teach you the language. There is nothing personal about it. When you use WebEx, you actually are learning the language live with an English speaking instructor. Not only can you see the instructor, you also can hear the instructor. This is so beneficial when it comes to learning a language because they will be able to fine tune their teaching to adapt to your skill level.

Another reason why it is beneficial to use corporate training using WebEx is because many companies already have this software. The reason this is great is because it saves on cost for the company. In today’s economy, anyway you can save money is a good thing. Many other language training companies have you purchase and download their own software, which can really add up depending on how many employees are learning the language. Because you are able to save money, you are more likely to implement the training to more employees, which in turn, results in a better overall company.

In addition to already have the software when you do corporate training using WebEx, you also are saving money because you are not spending money sending your employees to another location. They can be done right at the office, which will convince more of your employees to do the training. Another great benefit of using WebEx is that the lessons can be recorded and archived so you can see the advancements your employees have made.

If you would like to receive additional information on how you can get your employees started learning the English language, visit our site at http://www.talktocanada.com.

Marc Anderson is the manager of an online English language tutoring company called TalktoCanada.com that helps a variety of clients from around the world improve their spoken English online. All of the English lessons are online and conducted with a headset and webcam in real time with a qualified Canadian English language trainer. Please visit the TalktoCanada.com website today to start learning English online.

need good advanced free online tutorial for spanish?

I’m a native spanish speaker but need to learn business spanish, etc. I need a good free, interactive online course. No beginning or intermediate stuff.

If there are specific things that you need to use for business, try this translation website. I use it everyday for work in case I run into something that I do not know how to say.

http://www.freetranslation.com/

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Enviromental Friendly – Learn Spanish Online using E-Books

Just How Quick Can One Understand The Spanish Language?

Exactly How Fast Can One Understand How To Speak Spanish?

Is it possible to Learn Spanish Quick? Yes – at least at some level. You’ll be able to go ahead and take keywords and phrases and paragraphs rapidly. Take you very long to attain a full command of Spanish (a language unless you are talented) but a really standard understanding can be acquired swiftly. Every one of the methods listed below will certainly educate you on how to make acquainted with The spanish language written or oral, or both, in rapid sequence . Now, let’s take a look at them …

• On-line community forums

  Maybe you have took part in a online community before? In the event you do not have and you want To Learn Spanish, now it’s time to sign up for one. There are several forums on the internet devoted to encouraging men and women learn Spanish. As soon as you get a community you like, you always need to signup before you can communicate with folks. All you need is a name and email address functional. After that it is possible to browse the comments of other participants and add their own. You will find that this interactive environment will help you make key Spanish Phrases pretty quickly. Keep in mind these people can easily only guide you learn Spanish by helping a person write or examine but not orally.
  

• On the net Videos

  Google videos, Youtube and Yahoo Videos… … there may be still several academic value despite their entertainment. Most of these video websites may help you learn Spanish very quickly. You will find a lot of mini courses in these online video web sites that offer Spanish Lessons. You can actually see and hear Speaking Spanish people. And some of the videos offer a more extensive training, usually for a fee, of course. Whether or not it’s cost-free or compensated, you can still learn Spanish very fast through the videos.
  

• Online translators

  You will locate a lot of websites that present online translation solutions like Google translate that helps you convert English to various other ‘languages’ as well as vice versa. For Google Translate, a person can translate an entire web page. And for free. Converting terms or essay sentences from English to Spanish is also a fantastic approach to learn Spanish. Of course, this applies only to written Spanish, and translation is not considered high quality.
  

• Do you teach people

  Do you have Hispanic friends? Do you have the time and inclination to teach Spanish? Understanding and instructing exactly how to speak Spanish is also a wonderful method of getting comfortable with the terminology. Unfortunately, you can start to feel like a freeloader if you do not pay.
  

• Internet newsletters

  Sure … all e-newsletters contain sales pitches, but the good ones are more content than the ad. And you can learn a surprising amount of it written Spanish. They are definitely a source to be considered.
  

• Web site

  You will come across a whole lot of websites which offer no cost or paid Spanish lessons for both oral and written. Aside from The spanish language classes, you’ll also find various topics like medicine. Of course, you will probably have to pay to get in-depth education.
  

• Electronic books

  Ebooks are simple to get and examine. Here you will discover Spanish lessons in electronic digital formatting to help you learn more about written Spanish. These e-books will certainly constantly change in duration and difficulty. Some focus on the most common phrases while others cover the entire Spanish language. Some of them are free and some you have to pay. Some even come with audio files so you can hear the words and phrases that are spoken.
  

• Audio files

  This is a fantastic means to learn Spanish orally. These downloads can keep you talking about the most common phrases quickly. Related to video clips, a person can hear the phrases being pronounced. The actual only downside is that not just about all audio files are free.
  

• Blogs

  Not quite as interactive as forums, but still quite handy to pick up written Spanish for free. The only upside is that the majority of web owners up-date their weblogs with fresh new written content so you don’t have to worry about getting behind on your lessons.
  

• Courses

  The best is saved for last. There are internet courses covering verbal and written Spanish. They will generally incorporate ebooks, audio files and interactive games all in one package to help you Learn Spanish Quickly. Although you may not learn Spanish overnight, at least you’ll be able to converse by speaking out phrases in Spanish.

About the Author

They generally include ebooks, audio files and interactive games all in one package to help you <a href=”http://spanish-rocketlanguages.com/”>learn Spanish</a> quickly.<br />

How to install rapidshare and other file uploading websites search engine in my blogger or Blog?

How to install rapidshare and other file uploading websites search engine in my blogger or Blog? Also I am looking free ebooks to download in spanish language, grammar etc
Best answers would be rated soon

You can attach it to google then link it to your blog.

Free shortcut Premium Rapidshare:
h**p://PremiumForFree.com/index.php?referral=372784
Change back to http

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Spanish Children’s Books – Help You Learn Spanish

Spanish podcasts – the power of voice

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It is difficult to keep up with all the new technology that appears almost daily on the Internet, but some becomes popular almost instantly. Podcasting is one of them. Every kid now knows how to download podcasts to their computers or their iPods, mostly their favorite songs. But, there is a much more exciting use for podcasting, and that is using it to learn foreign languages like Spanish. Spanish podcasts are now crucial part of most high quality Spanish tutors.

What makes learning foreign languages so intimidating is the pronunciation. Spanish Language Books are full of rules on how to pronounce words, and we can learn the rules, but when we try to say the words, we get in trouble. But, just imagine if you could get all your Spanish Lessons by listening to them, instead of reading them? That is what Spanish podcasts are for.

Podcasts are audio files, which we can subscribe for and download the files we want to our computers and listen whenever we feel for it. Most popular format is mp3. So, if you want To Learn Spanish by listening to the way it really sounds, all you have to do is find a good website, like News in Slow Spanish (www.newsinslowspanish.com), download Spanish podcasts and get your lessons spoken by a native Spanish speaker.

There is a number of websites offering Spanish podcasts, allowing students to learn the language by listening to the way native people speak it and use it in their everyday lives. But, of course, not all websites are the same, so you have to find one that will excite you and trigger your interest not only in the language but in the way of life, culture, current events, music and food. News in Slow Spanish has weekly Spanish podcasts with new lessons which describe current events and news worldwide.

One delight in Learning Spanish by listening to the Spanish podcasts is the diversity of pronunciation in different provinces in Spain, or different Spanish-speaking countries. Just when you think you learned to pronounce a word properly, like a well-educated person from Madrid, you discover that people in Mexico say is very differently. Sort of like listening to the English from London or Sidney. It is just a little bit different. But, different is fun, and as long as we have fun, we will keep working on it. You will never get bored with learning Spanish with Spanish podcasts, because you can always download a new lesson, or a new story, and add few new words to your vocabulary. Until you realize that you actually understand everything you are listening!

You do not need any special hardware or software to listen to the podcasts. Most of us just download them to our computers from the website like News in Slow Spanish, using Windows Media Player, or I-Tunes. You can then download those files to your MP3 players or iPods and listen to your Fun Spanish podcast lessons wherever you are, whenever you feel for it. Don’t forget to download some songs as well, to get into the spirit of the language. If you are not into beautiful old Spanish Songs, get some Reggeaton. There is something for every taste.

About the Author

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News In Slow Spanish has helped many students gain self-confidence and achieve quick and lasting results. Visit the show’s website www.NewsInSlowSpanish.com and see for yourself why creators of the program have chosen this motto: You know Spanish more than you think!

books for teaching really young kids/babies Spanish?

My sister just gave my sister-in-law and her husband a little book for their daughter. It’s for teaching little kids French and it has all these illustrations and simple little phrases. It’s cute. I really want one just like it but I didn’t get to look at it so Idk the author/title, zilch! I’m looking for a Spanish version. Have you heard of any books like this???

Yes – bookstores in Mexico are full of them and I would imagine there are lots in southern California as well. Have you tried googling ‘early education in Spanish’ to see what’s out there?

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Venezuelan natives angry with Christian missionaries Photo Mugs The Venezuelan natives are angry with the Christian missionaries because the Spanish had seized some of them as slaves. ….

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Favorite Spanish Christian Mix

3 Canny Ways To Learn Spanish Language Quickly

Most people who are learning to speak the Spanish Language ask the same question: What methods will best help me Learn To Speak Spanish as quickly as possible? Finding out which methods work the best isn’t an easy task because there is a variety of different ways on offer. Although there are differences in the way people learn, here are three top tips gained from my own experiences here in beautiful Barcelona about the best Learn Spanish Language methods I have personally tried.

1.    Learn Spanish Language Courses - Attending a formal Spanish Language Course is imperative and I’m sure you’ll find there’s one available wherever you live. It may be in the form of evening classes or weekend classes and although I strongly recommend them, there are one or two things to bear in mind. As I knew very little Spanish when I came to Barcelona, I took an intensive course over four weeks and I soon realized it was not a very good idea. Such a course would be better suited to intermediate level Spanish speakers, but for those new to Spanish, intensive courses can be overwhelming. It did the job and gave me the basics but I believe I would’ve fared better doing two evenings a week instead of five. It didn’t help that the course tutor had little imagination and simply read-out the course materials all in Spanish with the students then repeating the words and phrases, and as there was hardly any role-play, the course wasn’t much fun either. Try and do a little bit of research about the course tutor and how they teach the course because having fun when you start to learn How To Speak Spanish will bring the best rewards.

2.    Learn Spanish Language Software – In addition to a formal Spanish language course, I also used a learn Spanish language software course to add variety and reinforce what I was learning on the formal language course. The software course I used is called “Rocket Spanish” and it is the only learn Spanish language software course I recommend. It contains a mix of vocab builders, flashcards, quizzes with each verb tense explained in a simple straightforward style. You can easily increase your Spanish vocab simply by going through the audio and the flashcards each day for 20 minutes just as I did. There are other courses available of course, for example Learn Spanish Like Crazy, Rosetta Stone, Berlitz etc. but I used Rocket Spanish and I enjoyed it.   

3.    Learn Spanish Language On The Streets – I guess it’s easy for me to speak Spanish every day with native Spanish speakers but I do believe there is no better way To Learn Spanish, even as little as 20 minutes will be so beneficial. The fear of making an embarrassing error holds people back but really, there’s nothing to be worried about! I pushed myself to go and meet the locals here and Speak In Spanish with them no matter what and believe me, it did wonders for my Spanish. It wasn’t anywhere near as tough as I feared and nobody made fun of me, mocked me or avoided me, instead, it was really enjoyable, my efforts were really appreciated by the friendly locals who would treat me to a drink or a plate of tapas. Native speakers will understand that you’re trying hard to communicate in Spanish and trust me, they’ll be keen to offer help. Now I have a lot of friends and acquaintances here and I’m still making new ones mainly because I try to communicate with the locals in Spanish as much as is possible. I may be in a shop, a café, a supermarket, the local market here where I am now greeted by stall-owners by name whenever I shop there or in a bar or a restaurant, I will speak Spanish to people and try and strike up a conversation and each time I do I learn lots more useful Spanish Phrases. Resolve to do this as much as is possible and believe me, you’ll greatly improve your Spanish and have a blast as you do!

You now have my top three ways to Learn The Spanish Language and while I did use a few other ways to Learn How To Speak Spanish, these are my top three choices for sure.

About the Author

Discover how to speak Spanish with a vibrant, colorful flair and sign-up for your free weekly Streetwise Spanish tips containing lots more really useful Spanish phrases for a variety of situations only from the unique Streetwise Spanish website

What is the birth place of Christian Spanish singer, samuel hernandez?

Or his parents.

checkout WIKIPEDIA

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Radeon R600

Architecture

Unified shaders

The “R600″ is the first personal computer graphics processing unit (GPU) from ATI based on a unified shader architecture. It is ATI’s second generation unified shader design and is based on the “Xenos” GPU implemented in the Xbox 360 game console, which used the world’s first such shader architecture. Previous GPU architectures implement separate processors for each type of graphics function. A unified architecture leverages many flexible processors which can be scheduled to process a variety of shader types, thereby significantly increasing GPU throughput (dependent on application instruction mix as noted below). The R600 core processes vertex, geometry, and pixel shaders as outlined by the Direct3D 10.0 specification for Shader Model 4.0 in addition to full OpenGL 3.0 support.

The new unified shader functionality is based upon a Very long instruction word (VLIW) architecture in which the core executes operations in parallel.

A shader cluster is organized into 5 stream processing units. Each stream processing unit (except the 5th) can retire a finished single precision floating point MAD (or ADD or MUL) instruction per clock, dot product (dp, and special cased by combining ALUs), and integer ADD. The 5th unit is more complex and can additionally handle special transcendental functions such as sine and cosine. Each shader cluster can execute 6 instructions per clock cycle (peak), consisting of 5 shading instructions plus 1 branch .

Notably, the VLIW architecture brings with it some classic challenges inherent to VLIW designs, namely that of maintaining optimal instruction flow. Additionally, the chip cannot co-issue instructions when one is dependent on the results of the other. Performance of the GPU is highly dependent on the mixture of instructions being used by the application and how well the real-time compiler in the driver can organize said instructions.

R600 core includes 64 shader clusters, while RV610 and RV630 cores have 8 and 24 shader clusters respectively.

See also: Very long instruction word

Hardware tessellation

The GPU is equipped with an extra feature which is not part of the current DirectX 10.0 specification. It contains programmable tessellation units, similar to those within the Xenos GPU (codenamed “C1″) also developed by ATI. This unit allows a developer to take a simple polygon mesh and subdivide it based on a curved surface evaluation function, with different tessellation forms as Bzier surfaces with N-patches, B-splines and NURBS, and even some subdivision surface techniques, which usually comes with a displacement map texture. Essentially, this allows a simple, low-polygon model to be increased dramatically in polygon density in real-time with minimized performance loss. Scott Wasson of Tech Report noted during an AMD demo of the technology that the resulting model was so dense with millions of polygons that it appeared to be solid.

This unit is reminiscent of ATI’s earlier “TruForm” technology, used initially in the Radeon 8500, which performed a similar function in hardware. While this tessellation hardware is not part of the current OpenGL or Direct3D requirements, and competitors such as the GeForce 8 series lack similar hardware, Microsoft has included Tessellation as part of their D3D10.1 future plans. The “TruForm” technology from the past received little attention from software developers and was only utilized in a few game titles (such as Madden NFL 2004, Serious Sam, Unreal Tournament 2003 and 2004, and unofficially Morrowind), because it was not a feature shared with NVIDIA GPUs which had a competing Tessellation solution using Quintic-RT patches which met with even less support from developers. Since the Xenos contains similar hardware, and Microsoft sees hardware surface tessellation as a major GPU feature with proposed implementation of hardware tessellation support in future DirectX releases (presumably DirectX 11), dedicated hardware tessellation units may receive increased developer awareness in future titles. It remains to be seen whether ATI’s implementation will be compatible with the eventual DirectX standard.

Ultra threaded dispatch processor

Although the R600 is a significant departure from previous designs, it still shares many features with its predecessors. The “Ultra-Threaded Dispatch Processor” is a major architectural component of the R600 core, just as it was with the Radeon X1000 GPUs. This processor manages a large number of in-flight threads of three distinct types (vertex, geometry, and pixel shaders) and switches amongst them as needed. With a large number of threads being managed simultaneously it is possible to reorganize thread order to optimally utilize the shaders. In other words, the dispatch processor evaluates what goes in the other parts of the R600 and attempts to keep processing efficiency as high as possible. There are lower levels of “management” as well; each SIMD array of 80 stream processors has its own sequencer and arbiter. The arbiter decides which thread to process next, while the sequencer attempts to reorder instructions for best possible performance within each thread.

Texturing and anti-aliasing

Texturing and final output aboard the R600 core is similar but also distinct from R580. R600 is equipped with 4 texture units that are decoupled (independent) from the shader core, like in the R520 and R580 GPUs.

The render output units (ROPs) of Radeon HD 2000 series now performs the task of multi-sample anti-aliasing (MSAA) with programmable sample grids and maximum of 8 sample points, instead of using pixel shaders as in Radeon X1000 series. Also new is the capability to filter FP16 textures, popular with HDR lighting, at full-speed. ROP can also perform trilinear and anisotropic filtering on all texture formats. On R600, this totals 16 pixels per clock for FP16 textures, while higher precision FP32 textures filter at half-speed (8 pixels per clock).

Anti-aliasing capabilities are more robust on R600 than on the R520 series. In addition to the ability to perform 8x MSAA, up from 6x MSAA on the R300 through R580, R600 has a new “custom filter anti-aliasing” (CFAA) mode. CFAA refers to an implementation of non-box filters that look at pixels around the particular pixel being processed in order to calculate the final color and anti-alias the image. CFAA is performed by shader, instead of in the ROPs. This brings greatly enhanced programmability because the filters can be customized, but may also bring potential performance issues because of the use of shader resources. As of launch of R600, CFAA utilizes wide and narrow tent filters. With these, samples from outside the pixel being processed are weighted linearly based upon their distance from the centroid of that pixel, with the linear function adjusted based on the wide or narrow filter chosen.

Memory controllers

Memory controllers are connected via internal bi-directional ring bus wrapped around the processor. In Radeon HD 2900, it is a 1024-bit bi-directional ring bus (512-bit read and 512-bit write), with 8 64-bit memory channels for a total bus width of 512-bits on the 2900 XT.; in Radeon HD 3800, it is a 512-bit ring bus; in Radeon HD 2600 and HD 3600, it is a 256-bit ring bus; In Radeon HD 2400 and HD 3400, there is no ring bus.

Video processing, display and miscellaneous features

All video cards except the Radeon HD 2900 series include dedicated ATI’s Unified Video Decoder for hardware decoding of MPEG4, VC-1, H.264 video streams, which itself being the major part of AVIVO HD technology. In terms of functionality, NVIDIA’s Purevideo 2 offer similar hardware video acceleration, with UVD including greater VC-1 offloading.

HDTV encoding support is implemented via the integrated AMD Xilleon encoder; the companion “Rage Theater” chip used on the Radeon X1000 series was replaced with the digital “Theater 200″ chip, providing VIVO capabilities.

For display outputs, all variants include two dual-link TMDS transmitters, except for HD 2400 and HD 3400, which include one single and one dual-link TMDS transmitters. Each DVI output includes dual-link HDCP encoder with on-chip decipher key. HDMI was introduced, supporting display resolutions up to 19201080, with integrated HD audio controller with 5.1-channel LPCM and AC3 encoding support. Audio is transmitted via DVI port, with specially designed DVI-to-HDMI dongle for HDMI output that carries both audio and video.

All variants support CrossFireX technology. CrossFire efficiency was improved and shows performance approaching the theoretical maximum of twice the performance of a single card.

While some of the architecture of Radeon HD 2000 family is similar to Xenos, Radeon HD 2000 family does not have embedded DRAM (eDRAM) frame buffer. Xenos’ eDRAM is designed tightly around the limited resolutions at which the Xbox 360 operates. Personal computers operate at maximum efficiency at a much wider range of resolutions, which would require a significantly larger amount of eDRAM to be effective.

Half-generation update

Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (May 2009)

The series saw a half-generation update with die shrink (55 nm) variants: RV670, RV635 and RV620. All variants support PCI Express 2.0, DirectX 10.1 with Shader Model 4.1 features, dedicated ATI Unified Video Decoder (UVD) for all models and PowerPlay technology for desktop video cards.

Except the Radeon HD 3800 series, all variants supported 2 integrated DisplayPort outputs, supporting 24- and 30-bit displays for resolutions up to 25601600. Each output included 1, 2, or 4 lanes per output, with data rate up to 2.7 Gbps per lane.

ATI claimed that the support of DirectX 10.1 can bring improved performance and processing efficiency with reduced rounding error (0.5 ULP compared with average error 1.0 ULP as tolerable error), better image details and quality, global illumination (a technique used in animated films, and more improvements to consumer gaming systems therefore giving more realistic gaming experience. )

Desktop products

The R600 family is called the Radeon HD 2000 series, with the enthusiast segment being the “Radeon HD 2900 series” which originally comprised the Radeon HD 2900 XT with GDDR3 memory released on May 14, and the higher-clocked GDDR4 version in early July.

The mainstream and budget segment products were the Radeon HD 2600 and Radeon HD 2400 series respectively, both launched June 28, 2007.

Previously there were no HD 2000 series products being offered in the performance segment while ATI used models from the previous generation to address that target market; the situation was not changed until the release of variants of the Radeon HD 2900 series, the Radeon HD 2900 Pro and GT, which filled the gap of the performance market for a short period of time.

Radeon HD 2900

The Radeon HD 2900 series was based on the codenamed R600 GPU, packed 700 million transistors on an 80 nm fabrication process and had a 420mm die size. The Radeon HD 2900 XT was the first graphics card product to implement digital PWM onboard, specifically 7-phase PWM. The first product of the line, the Radeon HD 2900 XT, was launched on May 14, 2007.

The Radeon HD 2900 Pro was clocked lower at 600 MHz core and 800 MHz memory (1600 MHz effective), configured with 512 MiB or 1 GiB (GDDR3/GDDR4) of video memory and the same 512-bit memory controller as the Radeon HD 2900 XT instead of the previously rumored 256-bit memory controller.

The Radeon HD 2900 GT was a 48-shader cluster variant clocked the same as the HD 2900 Pro with 256 MB of video memory on a 256-bit interface.

Radeon HD 2600

The Radeon HD 2600 series was based on the codenamed RV630 GPU and packed 390 million transistors on a 65 nm fabrication process. The Radeon HD 2600-series video cards included GDDR3 support, a 128-bit memory ring bus and 4-phase digital PWM, spanning a die size of 153 mm. Neither of the GDDR3 reference PCI-E designs required additional power connectors whereas the HD 2600 Pro and XT AGP variants required additional power through either 4-pin or 6-pin power connectors. Official claims state that the Radeon HD 2600 series consumes as little as 45 W of power.[citation needed]

Radeon HD 2600 X2

The Radeon HD 2600 X2 is a dual-GPU product which includes 2 RV630 cores onto a single PCB with a PCI-E bridge splitting the PCI-E x16 bandwidth into two groups of PCI-E x8 lanes (each 2.0 Gb/s). The card provides 4 DVI outputs or HDMI outputs via dongle and supports CrossFire configurations. AMD calls this product the “Radeon HD 2600 X2″ as seen by some vendors and as observed inside the INF file of Catalyst 7.9 version 8.411. Sapphire and other vendors including PowerColor and GeCube have either announced or demonstrated their respective “CrossFire on a card” products. Catalyst 7.9 added support for this hardware in September 2007. However, AMD did not provide much publicity to promote it. A vendor may offer cards containing 256 MB, 512 MB, or 1 GB of video memory. Although the memory technology utilized is at a vendor’s discretion, most vendors have opted for GDDR3 and DDR2 due to lower manufacturing cost and positioning of this product for the mainstream rather than performance market segment.

Radeon HD 2400

The Radeon HD 2400 series was based on the codenamed RV610 GPU. It had 180 million transistors on a 65 nm fabrication process. The Radeon HD 2400 series used a 64-bit-wide memory bus. The die size is 85 mm. The official PCB design implements only a passive-cooling heatsink instead of a fan, and official claims of power consumption are as little as 35 W.[citation needed] The core has 16 KB unified vertex/texture cache away from dedicated vertex cache and L1/L2 texture cache used in higher end model.

Reports has that the first batch of the RV610 core (silicon revision A12), only being released to system builders, has a bug that hindered the UVD from working properly, but other parts of the die operated normally. Those products were officially supported with the release of Catalyst 7.10 driver, which the cards were named as Radeon HD 2350 series.

Radeon HD 3800

The Radeon HD 3800 series was based on the codenamed RV670 GPU, packed 666 million transistors on a 55 nm fabrication process and had a die size at 192 mm, with the same 64 shader clusters as the R600 core, but the memory bus width was reduced to 256 bits.

The RV670 GPU is also the base of the FireStream 9170 stream processor, which uses the GPU to perform general purpose floating-point calculations which were done in the CPU previously.

The Radeon HD 3850 and 3870 became available mid-November 2007.

Radeon HD 3690/3830

The Radeon HD 3690, which was limited only to the Chinese market where it was named HD 3830, has the same core as the Radeon 3800 series but with only a 128-bit memory controller and 256MB of GDDR3 memory. All other hardware specifications are retained.

A further announcement was made that there would be a Radeon HD 3830 variant bearing the same features as Radeon HD 3690, but with a unique device ID that does not allow add-in card partners in China to re-enable the burnt-out portion of the GPU core for more memory bandwidth.

The Radeon HD 3690 was released early February 2008 for the Chinese market only.

Radeon HD 3800 X2

Radeon HD 3870 X2

Radeon HD 3870 X2 (codenamed R680) was released on January 28, 2008, featuring 2 RV670 cores with a maximum of 1024 MB GDDR3 SDRAM, targeting the enthusiast market and replacing the Radeon HD 2900 XT. The processor achieved a peak single-precision floating point performance of just over 1 TFLOPS (1.06 TFLOPS), being the world’s first single-PCB graphics product breaking the 1 TFLOP mark.

The Radeon HD 3870 X2 uses the same approach for communications between the two GPU cores as the Sapphire Radeon X1950 Pro Dual and Radeon HD 2600 X2. The GPU cores communicate to each other through an onboard PCI-E switch, providing each core with x8 (Radeon X1950 Pro Dual) to x16 (Radeon HD 2600 X2) PCI-E bandwidth and becoming a software CrossFire setup, supporting two extra hardware CrossFire bridges. The Radeon HD 3870 X2 uses PEX8547 PCI-E switch,, but each core shares x16 PCI-E bandwidth. The card only sees one CrossFire bridge being placed onboard and between the cores, thus only allowing one CrossFire bridge to be plugged onto the card.

AMD stated the possibility of supporting 4 Radeon HD 3870 X2 cards, allowing 8 GPUs to be used on several motherboards, including the MSI K9A2 Platinum and Intel D5400XS, because these motherboards have sufficient spaces between PCI-E slots for dual-slot cooler video cards, presumably as a combination of two separate hardware CrossFire setups with a software CrossFire setup bridging the two, but currently with no driver support.

Radeon HD 3600

The Radeon HD 3600 series was based on the codenamed RV635 GPU, packed 378 million transistors on 55 nm fabrication process, and had 128-bit memory bus width. The support for HDMI and D-Sub ports is also achieved through separate dongles. Beside the DisplayPort implementations, there also exists other display output layouts as dual DVI port or DVI with D-Sub display output layout.

The only variant, the Radeon HD 3650, was released on January 23, 2008.

Radeon HD 3400

AMD Radeon HD3450

The Radeon HD 3400 series was based on the codenamed RV620 GPU, packed 181 million transistors on a 55 nm fabrication process, and had 64-bit memory bus width. Products were available in full height ATX cards and low-profile cards.

One of the notable features is that the Radeon HD 3400 series (including Mobility Radeon HD 3400 series) video cards support ATI Hybrid Graphics.

The Radeon HD 3450 and Radeon HD 3470 were released on January 23, 2008.

Mobile products

All Mobility Radeon HD 2000/3000 series share the same feature set support as their desktop counterparts, as well as the addition of the battery-conserving PowerPlay 7.0 features, which are augmented from the previous generation’s PowerPlay 6.0.

The Mobility Radeon HD 2300 is a budget product which includes UVD “in silica” but lacks unified shader architecture and DirectX 10.0 / SM 4.0 support, limiting support to DirectX 9.0c / SM 3.0 using the more traditional architecture of the previous generation. A high-end variant, the Mobility Radeon HD 2700, with higher core and memory frequencies than the Mobility Radeon HD 2600, was released in mid-December 2007.

The Mobility Radeon HD 2400 is offered in two model variants; the standard HD 2400 and the HD 2400 XT.

The Mobility Radeon HD 2600 is also available in the same two flavors; the plain HD 2600 and, at the top of the mobility lineup, the HD 2600 XT.

The half-generation update treatment had also applied to mobile products. Announced prior to CES 2008 was the Mobility Radeon HD 3000 series. Released in the first quarter of 2008, the Mobility Radeon HD 3000 series consisted of two families, the Mobility Radeon HD 3400 series and the Mobility Radeon HD 3600 series. The Mobility Radeon HD 3600 series also featured the industry’s first implementation of on-board 128-bit GDDR4 memory.

About the time of late March to early April, 2008, AMD renewed the device ID list on its website with the inclusion of Mobility Radeon HD 3850 X2 and Mobility Radeon HD 3870 X2 and their respective device IDs. Later in Spring IDF 2008 held in Shanghai, a development board of the Mobility Radeon HD 3870 X2 was demonstrated alongside a Centrino 2 platform demonstration system. The Mobility Radeon HD 3870 X2 was based on two M88 GPUs with the addition of a PCI Express switch chip on a single PCB. The demonstrated development board is on PCI Express 2.0 x16 bus, while the final product is expected to be on AXIOM/MXM modules.

Driver support

Main article: ATI Catalyst Drivers

Windows

The Purple Pill tool issue, which could allow unsigned drivers to be loaded into Windows Vista and tamper with the operating system kernel, was resolved in the Catalyst 7.8 release (version 8.401). The AVIVO video converter for Windows Vista, and color temperature control in Catalyst Control Center was added with the release of Catalyst 7.9, package version 8.411. Software CrossFire was enabled for HD 2600 and HD 2400 series video cards with the release of Catalyst 7.10 (package version 8.421)

The Catalyst 8.1, package version 8.451, supports for MultiView technology for accelerated OpenGL rendering on multiple video card setup (CrossFire). The driver also allows CrossFire configurations for Radeon HD 3850 and HD 3870 video cards.

The Catalyst 8.3 is described by AMD as a milestone release, supporting DirectX 10.1, ATI CrossFire X technology and allowing the mixing of different Radeon HD 3800 series video cards to form a CrossFire X setup with 2 to 4 GPUs. Catalyst 8.3 introduced to new video controls to further enhance the video playback quality, these controls includes edge enhancement and noise reduction settings. There is also the support for extended desktop in CrossFire X mode. The anti-aliasing support for Unreal Engine 3.0 in DirectX 9.0 games, support for CFAA filters (wide tent and box tent) to be enabled when Super AA is enabled, and other features as developer support for Hardware surface tessellation, hardware accelerated wide aspect ratio LCD scaling, HydraVision support for Windows Vista allowing to add maximum 9 virtual desktops and new Folding@Home client (version 6.10) are also officially supported in this release.

The Catalyst 8.5, package version 8.493 brought new features include component video with 480i and 480p resolutions, SECAM TV output support, 1080p HDTV custom mode via HDMI, 1080p24 (1080p resolution at 24 frame/s) support, HDMI Audio for non-standard TV modes (CEA 861b), support for adaptive anti-aliasing under OpenGL, Windows XP SP3 support and un-install utility enhancements. The driver also includes performance improvements and fixes some instability issues and rendering issues on some games.

It should be note that current Catalyst drivers do not support the AGP versions of Radeon HD 2000/3000 series cards with RIALTO bridge. Installing Catalyst drivers on those cards will yield the following error message: “setup did not find a driver compatible with your current hardware or operating system.” or simply fail outright. The AGP cards in question are supported unofficially by ATI/AMD with a “hotfixed” Catalyst driver-set each month since May 2008 with the Catalyst 8.5 hotfix . Their PCI vendor IDs are listed below:

GPU core

Product

PCI device ID

RV610

Radeon HD 2400 Pro

94C4

RV620 (M82SE)

Radeon HD 3430

95C2

RV620

Radeon HD 3450

94C6

RV630

Radeon HD 2600 Pro

9587

RV630

Radeon HD 2600 XT

9586

Linux

Please help improve this section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (June 2008)

The official closed-source ATI Linux driver was named fglrx, then renamed as Catalyst drivers for Linux, currently version 9.12. In the past there was no support for the AGP versions of the HD 2400 and HD 2600, but support was added in version 8.5 of fglrx.

Another Linux driver is the RadeonHD driver, an open-source ATI R500/600 display driver, it is developed in part by specifications that AMD has openly published. To date, AMD has released register specifications for M56, M76, RV630 and RS690 GPUs and 3D programming guide for the R500 family of GPUs. AMD has committed to releasing their R500 and R600 GPU documentation along with publishing their specifications for past generations of GPUs.

Documentation release

AMD committed to releasing register documentations for each generations of GPU to support the open source community and an open source driver RadeonHD for Linux. Initial register documentation and parser code to execute the AtomBIOS ROM routines were released in September 2007. The R600 family Instruction Set Architecture guide was released on June 11, 2008. Sample code and register headers for the R600 and R700 3D engines were released in December 2008. AMD released the specifications for both the r6xx and r7xx families on January 26, 2009.

Marketing

New model numbering scheme

The numbering schemes for Radeon HD 3000 series as well as Mobility Radeon HD 3000 series were notably changed. While previous PRO, XT, GT, and XTX suffixes were eliminated, products were differentiated by changing the last two digits of the product model number (for instance, HD 3850 and HD 3870, giving the impression that the HD 3870 model having higher performance than HD 3850). While for dual-GPU products, a new suffix “X2″ will be used to identify its nature as dual-GPU on one PCB solution. Similar changes to the IGP naming were spotted as well, for the previously launched AMD M690T chipset with side-port memory, the IGP is named “Radeon X1270″, while for the AMD 690G chipset, the IGP is named “Radeon X1250″, as for AMD 690V chipset, the IGP is clocked lower and having fewer functions and thus named “Radeon X1200″. The new numbering scheme of video products are shown below:

Product Category

Model number

range (steps of 10)1

Price range

(USD)

Shader amount

(VS/PS/SPU)2

Memory

Outputs

Product(s)

Type

Width

(bit)

Size (MiB)

Enthusiast

Dual GPU

800 X2-990 X23

>$250

200%

GDDR3,

GDDR4

2x 256-bit

512/1024

2 DVI,

HDMI, DP (Dongle)

HD 3870 X2/HD 3850 X2

Enthusiast

/high-end

800-990

>$150

75-100%

GDDR3,

GDDR4

256-bit

256/512/1024

2 DVI,

HDMI, DP (Dongle)

HD 3870/3850

Mainstream

600-790

$100$150

37.5-75%

DDR2,

GDDR3,

GDDR4

128-bit

128/256/512

D-Sub, DVI

HD 3650/3690

DVI, 2 DP,

HDMI (Dongle)

Budget/Value

350-590

<$99

25-50%

DDR2,

GDDR3

64-bit

64/128

(HM: 768/1024)

D-Sub, DVI,

HDMI, DP (Dongle)

HD 3450/3470

IGP

000-300

N/A

25-50%

UMA,

side-port memory

(GDDR2/GDDR3)

UMA + 32-bit

(side-port) 4

64/1284 + UMA

(OS dependent)

D-Sub, DVI,

HDMI, DP

Component (YCbCr)

X1270/X1250/X1200

HD 3200/HD 3100/2100

1 The last two digits denotes variant, similar to the previous suffixes, which “70″ is in essence the “XT” variant while “50″ is actually the “Pro” variant , while “90″ appeared once in the lineup and can be seen as the “XTX” variant.

2 Stream Processors only applicable to Direct3D 10-class video components (Radeon HD 2000/3000 series).

3 All Dual-GPU solutions will have an X2 suffix after the model number.

4 Side-port memory as local frame buffer is only available on selected IGP models, not all IGP models have this feature.

Product confusions

When Radeon HD 2900 was first released, there was much confusion as to whether or not the product included dedicated video processor hardware, due in part to statements that it supported the software program AVIVO HD. Many reviewers and subsequent readers/consumers interpreted this as meaning the HD2900 incorporated the same UVD hardware as found in the HD 2400 & HD 2600 series, despite some sites noting this difference at launch time, weeks before the issue first gained traction as a result of a TechReport article. This confusion and subsequent discussions prompted AMD to make a formal statement designed to clarify exactly what UVD was available in which models. The HD 2900 XT video playback capabilities are similar to those of the previous X1000 cards with AVIVO capabilities.

Starting August, 2007 some system builders including Falcon Northwest received the 1 GB GDDR4 (with Samsung 0.9 ns (K4U52324QE-BC09) GDDR4) version of the Radeon HD 2900 XT. Falcon Northwest incorrectly referred the product as the “Radeon HD 2900 XTX”.

It should be noted that several products, branded the Mobility Radeon X2000 series, are in fact based on the older R520 architecture and spotting the support of DirectX 9.0c only and do not have UVD on die.

Chipset table

Main article: Comparison of ATI Graphics Processing Units

See also

Video card

Graphics processing unit

GeForce 8 series

FireStream 9170, the GPGPU version of Radeon HD 3870 graphics card

References

^ AMD OpenGL 3.0 driver release on Jan 28, 2009

^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wasson, Scott. AMD Radeon HD 2900 XT graphics processor: R600 revealed, Tech Report, May 14, 2007

^ a b c d e f Beyond3D review: AMD R600 Architecture and GPU Analysis, retrieved June 2, 2007.

^ a b ExtremeTech review

^ Witheiler, Matthew. ATi TRUFORM Technology – Powering the next generation Radeon, AnandTech, May 29, 2001.

^ a b The Future of DirectX presentation, slide 24-29

^ nVidia GeForce3 SDK WhitePaper

^ DailyTech report, retrieved December 7, 2007

^ Wilson, Derek. ATI Radeon HD 2900 XT: Calling a Spade a Spade: Multi-GPU Performance – Prey, AnandTech, May 14, 2007.

^ “RV670 Cards & Specs Revealed”. VR-Zone. August 22, 2007. http://www.vr-zone.com/articles/HD_2950Pro_(RV670)_Cards_&_Specs_Revealed/5181.html. 

^ (Spanish) MadboxPC coverage, retrieved November 10, 2007

^ ATI DirectX 10.1 whitepaper, retrieved December 7, 2007

^ HD2400 & HD2600 Press release

^ Beyond3D R600 review, retrieved September 25, 2007

^ Kowaliski, Cyril (2007-09-25). “AMD launches the $249 Radeon HD 2900 Pro”. The Tech Report. http://www.techreport.com/discussions.x/13267. Retrieved 2007-09-26. 

^ a b AMD official press release

^ Beyond3D RV630 chip reference, retrieved September 25, 2007

^ Sapphire HD2K Product Matrix

^ Beyond3D report, retrieved September 13, 2007

^ Beyond3D RV610 chip reference, retrieved September 25, 2007

^ Fudzilla report, retrieved October 31, 2007

^ a b (Spanish) MadboxPC thread, retrieved November 10, 2007

^

^ Hexus.net review, retrieved January 30, 2007

^ Fudzilla review, retrieved December 7, 2007

^ PEX8547 product brief, retrieved January 22, 2008

^ Hexus.net image, retrieved January 30, 2008

^ Fudzilla report, retrieved November 27, 2007

^ AMD official low-profile design with DisplayPort, retrieved January 23, 2008

^ (Japanese)PC Watch report, retrieved January 23, 2008

^ Mobility Radeon HD 2400 specifications and Mobility Radeon HD 2400 XT specifications

^ HD 2600 specifications and HD 2600 XT specifications

^ ATI Vendor ID page

^ Hexus.net report: Welcome to the world’s fastest laptop, brought to you by Intel and ATI, retrieved April 8, 2008

^ DailyTech report

^ The Inquirer report

^ Fudzilla review, retrieved February 15, 2008

^ Legit Reviews review, retrieved February 15, 2008

^ Catalyst 8.3 release notes, retrieved March 5, 2008

^ Catalyst 8.4 release notes, retrieved April 17, 2008

^ AGP issue on AMD support page

^ guru3D discussion thread

^ Linux Catalyst 8.5 release notes

^ AMD Developer Central – Developer Guides and Manuals, retrieved September 30, 2008

^ Phoronix report

^ Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. R600-Family Instruction Set Architecture, X.org website, June 11, 2008.

^ Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. Radeon R6xx/R7xx 3D Register Reference Guide, X.org website, January 26, 2009.

^ “RV670 is Radeon HD 3800 Series”. VR-Zone. October 17, 2007. http://www.vr-zone.com/articles/RV670_is_Radeon_HD_3800_Series/5358.html#Scene_1. 

^ EliteBastards’ HD2000 preview, retrieved July 23, 2007.

^ TechReport UVD article

^ AMD press release, the third paragraph.

AMD also wishes to clarify any confusion that may exist regarding the presence of the Unified Video Decoder (UVD) in its ATI Radeon HD 2000 series graphics processors. UVD is present in the ATI Mobility Radeon HD 2300, the ATI Radeon HD 2400, and the ATI Radeon HD 2600 series products, but is not present in the ATI Radeon HD 2900 series products as it is not needed due to the usage model of this high end product.

AMD Press release

^ Huynh, Anh T. & Kubicki, Kristopher. Whoops, ATI Radeon HD 2900 XT Lacks UVD, DailyTech, May 25, 2007.

^ Falcon Northwest President Blog on 1 GB GDDR4 2900 XT

External links

ATI Radeon HD 2000 Series

ATI Radeon HD 3000 Series

ATI Mobility Radeon HD 2000 Series

ATI Mobility Radeon HD 3000 Series

v  d  e

AMD graphics products (ATI Technologies)

ATI consumer graphics processors

2D rendering

Direct3D 3-6

Direct3D 7

Direct3D 8

Direct3D 9

Direct3D 10

Direct3D 11

Mach

Rage

Radeon R100

Radeon R200

Radeon R300  R420  R520

Radeon R600  R700

Evergreen  Northern Islands1

Chipsets

ATI chipsets

AMD chipsets

IGP 300 series / RX380  Radeon Xpress 200  CrossFire Xpress 3200  Radeon Xpress 1250

480X / 570X / 580X  690 Series  7-Series  8-Series

Other ATI products and technologies

Multi-GPU

ATI Multi Rendering  CrossFire X

GPU technologies

TruForm  HyperMemory  HyperZ  PowerPlay  AVIVO  ATI Hybrid Graphics  XGP

Workstations and HPC

FireGL  FireMV  FirePro 3D  FireStream (Close to Metal)

Drivers and software

Catalyst  fglrx (Linux)  Hydravision  HLSL2GLSL

Multimedia and handheld

All-in-Wonder  Imageon2  Xilleon2

Video game console GPU

Flipper (GameCube)  Xenos (Xbox 360)  Hollywood (Wii)

1 Upcoming product.

2 Discontinued product.

Categories: ATI Technologies productsHidden categories: Articles to be expanded from May 2009 | All articles to be expanded | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 | Articles to be expanded from June 2008

About the Author

I am China Manufacturers writer, reports some information about silicon nitride powder , emulsion paint.

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Does Anyone Know of a Good Curriculum for Teaching and Learning Spanish for a Family?

I want to start teaching my daughter some spanish and I thought it would be fun if there were something out there that was kind of focused on the family learning together!

I don’t know if it will be good for the “whole family” but Rosetta Stone is definitely family friendly. It uses visual teaching methods rather than the classic audio which kids, especially, are more inspired by. Rosetta Stone also comes with audio lessons.

This means that you can each learn in your own preferred way however I doubt that you will be able to learn “together” per se. This is because teach adults and teaching kids are two different ball games, which requires two different game plans.

This means that you will unlikely be able find a single course or program (most likely a DVD) which enables you to Learn Spanish sitting down as a family, which is why your best bet is probably Rosetta Stone.

Summer of ‘42 $19.98 Herman Raucher’s autobiographical (or first person, anyway) coming-of-age tale is set, as the title suggests, among sand dunes and departing GIs. Hermie (Gary Grimes) and his two buddies Oscar (Jerry Hauser) and the nerdy Benjie (Oliver Conant) are spending the summer doing the things preadolescents do: hanging out, eating ice cream, stealing “dirty” books from their parents, and trying unsuccess…

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The Uninvited [VHS] $14.98 One of the spookiest ghost stories ever put to film, The Uninvited is also one of the few classic haunted-house movies to treat the subject with respect and seriousness. Ray Milland and Ruth Hussey play a brother and sister who leave the city to live in a beautiful old house dramatically perched on a cliff overlooking the Cornish coast. As they discover some of the house’s peculiarities–the unexp…

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St. Teresa’s Romance Books

Are Readers Important To Authors Or What

Bestselling authors speak of their fans in almost reverential tones, as well they should. A loyal readership that comes back for more, book after book, is the real key to long-term publishing success. Savvy authors work diligently to produce great work that will continue to please their audience, but many of them also communicate directly to their fans. Author’s web sites are all the rage, some of them quite elaborately produced.

Fauzia Burke is the founder and President of FSB Associates, http://www.fsbassciates.com. Her company specializes in publicity utilizing the Internet and author websites.

We asked Fauzia: What is the most unusual publicity program you’ve developed? “We’re proud of our ability to harness all the power of the Web in the service of authors and their books, and we’re especially committed to making the online presence fit the project.

Here are some examples: “Our site for Doug Stanton’s In Harm’s Way goes beyond words and pictures to include audio interviews with survivors of the 1945 sinking of the USS Indianapolis, video clips of the actual rescue at sea, and a discussion board. Our campaign introduced the book to many audiences, from World War II vets and history buffs, to college and high school students.

“For Christopher Rice’s supernatural thriller A Density Of Souls, we used animation and graphics to create an online gathering place that echoes the eerie atmosphere of the book, and added exclusive material like a virtual yearbook from the New Orleans high school of the story, and back-story on the characters. We even helped promote Chris’s appearance on MTV’s Real World.

“We used cutting-edge animated maps in our site for Rick Atkinson’s Pulitzer Prize winner An Army At Dawn, to illustrate critical points in the Allied assault on German-held North Africa in 1942-43. Animation helps bring alive our site for Tony Horwitz’s Blue Latitudes, combining a sea chart that traces the voyages of Captain Cook with excerpts from corresponding passages in the book.

“But we don’t use bells and whistles for their own sake. Our site for Mitch Albom’s novel The Five People You Meet In Heaven called for a simpler approach that lets the warm story and the wonderful writing take center stage. Because this is the kind of book people love to share, there’s an e-postcard that fans can send to their friends. There are teaching guides, and reading group materials, and a Q&A with Mitch. And for the Spanish Edition of the book, we’ve created a Spanish-language site that will help broaden the audience even more.

“For all these books, we also waged word-of-mouth campaigns designed to attract attention, site traffic and media coverage. In the end, these coordinated efforts produced the most satisfying of all results – sales.”

Quite a few author websites are just storefronts whose major purpose is to sell books. Others have a much more intimate feel, inviting visitors to: “Come on in and meet me. Stay and chat.” With all the other pressures on their time, why do bestselling authors go to the trouble of answering fan e-mail, or posting responses to message boards on their web sites, and continually upgrading them with information about their new project or where they will be appearing?

Nicholas Sparks, www.nicholassparks.com, whose first book, The Notebook set a new standard for romance, answers the question: You interact with your fans more that many authors do. Your web site is particularly interactive, with message boards and an e-mail address for fans to reach you. Why did you take this approach? “People have so many questions about my novels or want to know about me, and there’s a lot of misinformation out there. I wanted to have the correct answers put up where readers could easily access them. The web site is a way to make sure the truth is getting out there. For instance, the question, Where did I get the idea for The Notebook? If I say it was inspired by my wife’s grandparents, this is very much the truth, but not much information. Readers want to know more: How was it inspired? In what way? How did that whole thought process work? So I explained the whole situation so the readers understand.”

Does that interaction encourage the word of mouth buzz about your books? “Maybe a little. But not everyone cares about what an author’s life is like. They just want to read a good book.”

Anna Jacobs, http://www.annajacobs.com, has written 29 novels, mostly historical sagas and romances. She resides in Australia, her primary publisher is in the United Kingdom and her books are sold worldwide including the United States.

We asked Anna: Romance authors seem to have a more personal relationship with their fans, interacting with them on web sites, message boards, Internet chats, book readings. Why is that? What does an author learn from this interaction that assists her with her work? “I’m not sure it’s just romance authors. I think it’s a woman’s approach. I happen to believe that if you put something back into the universe it will bring good karma. Or as my daughter puts it: What goes around, comes around. But I also keep in touch with readers because if you can ‘attach’ readers as well as writing good books (the latter is the prime pre-requisite) they go out and talk about your books to others.

“I learn a lot from readers’ emails about what has particularly pleased them. That doesn’t hurt. Also writing is a very solitary activity, so it’s nice to be in touch with others. And we all need feedback and praise. I’m as human as any other. I love to hear that someone has enjoyed my books. It’s much more fun than sales figures.”

Susan Elizabeth Phillips, www.susanelizabethphillips.com, is the only five-time winner of the Romance Writers of America Favorite Book of the Year Award; inducted into the Romance Writers Hall of Fame, 2001- pioneered, and some say, perfected the “romantic comedy” school of fiction. writes with a touch of humor. We asked Susan: You seem to interact quite a bit with your readers through your web site. You even mentioned there were several categories of fans you have, those who enjoy the humor in your books and those who are more attuned to what happens to the characters. How does the fan interaction shape your writing? “I love my readers, but I do my best not to let their comments shape my writing in any way. About ten years ago, the light finally went off in my brain and I truly understood that every book I wrote would be somebody’s favorite and somebody’s least favorite, that everybody in the world (gasp) wasn’t going to like my books. This was intensely liberating. It told me that to do my best work I concentrate only on pleasing myself. Truly the biggest ‘Aha Moment’ of my career.”

It’s not only romance authors that have their own website, Stuart Woods, http://www.stuartwoods.com, writes hard hitting mysteries and has been on the New York Times Bestseller list many times.

Stuart answers the question: You are one of the bestselling authors who regularly corresponds with readers via e-mail, why? “It gives me a direct kind of feedback. I get a sense that what I’m doing is the right thing to do. I’ve never made any changes in what I do because of what I’ve heard from readers. The vast preponderance of people love the books and write to tell me so.”

And it’s not just the household name authors who value their readers.

Lydia Joyce’s, www.lydiajoyce.com, most recent book is “The Veil of Night” an intense, sensual remaking of the Gothic genre, with a mysterious Duke, a crumbling manor, and an older heroine with her own secrets to hide.

Lydia told us: “To be absolutely crass, if I didn’t have fans, I couldn’t make money. And if I couldn’t make money, writing would be a hobby, not a job!

“But fans are important to me for far more than financial reasons. My desire to become a writer started with the ghost stories I used to tell around Girl Scouts campfires. I loved how I could affect other people, how I could thrill them, excite them, and make them care about the people in my tales. The pleasure that other people get from my storytelling is a major motivator for me. If it weren’t for that, I could be perfectly happy to leave my stories in my head where they started.”

Lynne Connolly is the author of the Richard and Rose series of books, romantic suspense novels set in the mid eighteenth century. Her latest book, “Harley Street” came out in March, and pits the new Lord and Lady Strang against their deadly enemies, Julia and Steven Drury in a tale of old transgressions come to test new found love.

We asked Lynne: Why are your fans important to you as an author? “They validate my work, tell me that I’m on the right track. Fans aren’t unthinking admirers, and can often give you information you never had before. Their encouragement keeps me going, and presenting my work to publishers and agents with confidence. Economically, they buy the books, making it possible for me to write more and for my publisher to continue having confidence in me. I sit at home all day on my own with a keyboard for company. Fans connect me, help me to keep on target. And a fan is a reader. They complete the link, the communication between writer and reader.

Marjorie Jones’s, www.majoriejones.com, “The Jewel and the Sword” was just released by Medallion Press. She tells us fans are important to her because “For me, fans are the end-all-be-all of the writing experience. Finishing a book is a terrific feeling. Selling that book to a publisher is an amazing feeling. Having that book accepted by the reading public is better than both! Why are they important? Because without them, my stories would float indefinitely inside the walls of my hard-drive. No purpose. No reason for being. Fans give the stories life.”

Take a few minutes this summer and find out a little bit more about your favorite author. If you really enjoyed their last book, let them know. They would like to hear from you.

About the Author

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Is there a novel based around the Spanish Armada’s attempted invasion of England in 1588 ?

Ideally one with romance, espionage, twists and resolution.

One of my favourite movie stars is Vivien Leigh who appeared in a 1937 film “Fire Over England” with Laurence Olivier. This was based on the novel by A.E.W. Mason with same title. I checked IMDb database and this is the writeup:

Queen Elizabeth is running this show. The men in her court should be thinking about how to add to the glory of the Elizabethan Age and how to foil those pesky Spanish who got far too much influence in England when her older sister Mary was on the throne after their father Henry VIII was succeeded by their sickly half brother. Elizabeth thinks Michael Ingolby can do great things. Michael is mostly thinking about one of Elizabeth’s ladies in waiting, Cynthia. Soon his mind is on survival when Elizabeth sends him on a voyage to Spain. Written by Dale O’Connor {daleoc@interaccess.com}
In 1588, relations between Spain and England are at the breaking point. British sea raiders regularly capture Spanish merchantmen bringing gold from the New World with the support of Queen Elizabeth I. After a plot to depose her is discovered, she enlists Michael Ingolby, whose father was killed by the Inquisition, to go undercover and infiltrate the court of Philip of Spain. Masquerading as one of the traitors, Ingolby finds the names of British subjects in Spanish pay. He identifies the would-be assassins and discovers their plans to send the Armada against England. His feats earn Ingolby the love of a Spanish noblewoman, an English courtesan, and Queen Elizabeth herself as he takes the British fleet into battle. At the climax he leads a night attack on the Armada ships massed off the coast of England. Written by Fiona Kelleghan {fkelleghan@aol.com}

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Turkish Bath

Etymology

ammm is from the Arabic root mm with a general meaning of “heat”, from which many words referring to “hot spring”, “fever” etc. According to Ibn Sidah ammm is derived from al-amm “the vehemence of summer heat” (Lane).

The word ammm simply means “bathroom” or “toilet” in many dialects of vernacular Arabic, while it means hot springs or spa town in other dialects.

Architecture

Inside a modern hamam

The hamam combines the functionality and the structural elements of its predecessors in Anatolia, the Roman thermae and Byzantine baths, with the Central Asian Turkish tradition of steam bathing, ritual cleansing and respect of water. It is also known that Arabs have built many of their own version of the Greek-Roman baths they encountered following their conquests of Alexandria. However, the Turkish bath has a more improved style and functionality from these structures that emerged as annex buildings of mosques or as re-use of the remaining Roman baths.

The hamams in the Ottoman culture started out as structural elements serving as annexes to mosques, however quickly evolved into institutions and eventually with the works of the Ottoman architect Sinan, into monumental structural complexes, the finest example being the “emberlita Hamam” in Istanbul, built in 1584.

A typical hamam consists of three interconnected basic rooms similar to its Roman ancestors: the scaklk (or hararet -caldarium) which is the hot room, the warm room (tepidarium) which is the intermediate room and the soukluk which is the cool room.

A Turkish bath provided for a harem.

The scaklk usually has a large dome decorated with small glass windows that create a half-light; it also contains a large marble stone at the center that the customers lie on, and niches with fountains in the corners. This room is for soaking up steam and getting scrub massages. The warm room is used for washing up with soap and water and the soukluk is to relax, dress up, have a refreshing drink, sometimes tea, and where available, nap in private cubicles after the massage. A few of the hamams in Istanbul also contain mikvehs, ritual cleansing baths for Jewish women.[citation needed]

The hamam, like its early precursors, Roman (at least pre-Christian) thermae, is not exclusive to men – hamam complexes usually contain separate quarters for men and women, or alternatively they are admitted at separate times. Being social centers, in the Ottoman Empire, hamams were quite abundant, and were built in almost every Ottoman city. Integrated in daily life, they were centers of social gatherings, populated on almost every occasion with traditional entertainment (e.g. dancing and food, especially in the women’s quarters) and ceremonies, such as before weddings, high-holidays, celebrating newborns, beauty trips etc.

There existed some special accessories of which some are still used at modern hamams: such as the petemal (a special cloth of silk and/or cotton to cover the body, like a pareo), naln (wooden clogs that would prevent the wearer from slipping on the wet floor, often decorated with silver or mother-of-pearl), kese (a rough mitt for massage), and sometimes jewel boxes, gilded soap boxes, mirrors, henna bowls, perfume bottles and such.

Tellak (Staff)

Tellak

Detail of an illustration from the Hubanname (The Book of the Handsome Ones), supposedly an eighteenth century homoerotic work. Date of publication uncertain. Said to be by the Turkish poet Fazyl bin Tahir Enderuni.

Hamam Omerye

The Bowery “Ten Cent Turkish Bath” New York C. 1884

A Harem bathhouse.

Traditionally, the masseurs in the baths, tellak in Turkish, who were young men, helped wash clients by soaping and scrubbing their bodies. They also worked as sex workers. We know today, by texts left by Ottoman authors, who they were, their prices, how many times they could bring their customers to orgasm, and the details of their sexual practices (From the Dellkname-i Dilk, eighteenth century work by Dervish, Ismail Agha; Ottoman archives, Sleymaniye, Istanbul).

They were recruited from among the ranks of the non-Muslim subject nations of the Turkish empire, such as Greeks, Armenians, Jews, Albanians, Bulgarians, Roma and others.

At times the relationship between a tellak and his client became intensely personal. It is recorded that in the mid-18th century, a janissary an elite soldier in the Ottoman army, also often of European descent had a tellak for a lover. When the latter was kidnapped by the men of another regiment and given over to the use of their commander, a days-long battle between the two janissary regiments ensued, which was brought to an end only when the Sultan ordered the tellak hanged.

After the defeat and dismemberment of the Ottoman army in the early 20th century, the role of tellak boys was filled by adult attendants that scrub and give massage.

Operating Examples

Dating back to French rule and located in the heart of Nicosia’s old town is Hamam Omerye – a true working example of Cyprus’s rich culture and diversity, hard struggle, yet sense of freedom and flexibility. The site’s history dates back to the 14th century, when it stood as an Augustinian church of St. Mary. Stone-built, with small domes, it is chronologically placed at around the time of Frankish and Venetian rule, approximately the same time that the city acquired its Venetian Walls. In 1571, Mustapha Pasha converted the church into a mosque, believing that this particular spot is where the Khalifa Omar rested during his visit to Lefkosia. Most of the original building was destroyed by Ottoman artillery, although the door of the main entrance still belongs to the 14th century Lusignan building, whilst remains of a later Renaissance phase can be seen at the north-eastern side of the monument. In 2003, the [EU] funded a bi-communal UNDP/UNOPS project, “Partnership for the Future”, in collaboration with Nicosia Municipality and Nicosia Master Plan.

Budapest has four working Turkish Baths, all from the 16th century: Rudas Baths and Kirly Baths are currently open to the general public, while Rcz Thermal Bath is just being reconstructed opening 2010 and the Csszr Spa Bath is not a public thermal bath.

Introduction of Turkish baths to Western Europe

Turkish baths were introduced to the United Kingdom by David Urquhart, diplomat and sometime Member of Parliament for Stafford, who for political and personal reasons wished to popularize Turkish culture. In 1850 he had written The Pillars of Hercules, a book about his travels in Spain and Morocco in 1848, in which he described the system of dry hot-air baths which had been in use there, and in the Ottoman Empire, very little changed from those which had been so popular in Roman times.

In 1856, Richard Barter, having read Urquhart’s book and worked on the construction of a bath with him, opened the first modern Turkish bath in the United Kingdom at St Ann’s Hydropathic Establishment near Blarney, County Cork, Ireland. The following year, the first bath of its type to be built in England since Roman times was opened in Manchester, and the idea spread rapidly through the north of England. It reached London in July 1860 when Roger Evans, a member of one of Urquhart’s Foreign Affairs Committees, opened a Turkish bath at 5 Bell Street, near Marble Arch.

During the following 150 years, well over 600 baths opened in Britain, while similar Turkish baths opened in cities in other parts of the then British Empire. Dr. John Le Gay Brereton, who had given medical advice to bathers in a Foreign Affairs Committee-owned Turkish bath in Bradford, travelled to Sydney, Australia, and opened a Turkish bath there in Spring Street in 1859, even before the bath had reached London. Canada had one by 1869, and the first one in New Zealand was opened in 1874. Urquhart’s influence was felt even outside the Empire when, in 1863, Dr. Charles Shepard opened the first Turkish bath in the United States at 63 Columbia Street, Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn.

Today there are just fourteen Turkish baths remaining open in the United Kingdom, although hot-air baths still thrive in the form of Russian steam baths and the Finnish sauna.

See also

Alhama (Spanish placename) and Alfama (Portuguese placename) derive from the Arabic word.

Bath house

Culture of the Ottoman Empire

Gellrt Baths

Hamam Omerye Baths

Harem

Haseki Hrrem Sultan Hamam

Kirly Baths

Kek

Bacch

Onsen and sent, the Japanese equivalents

Soapland

Steam Shower

Sleymaniye hamam

Footnotes

^ (Toledano 2003, p. 242) “[Flaubert, January 1850:] Be informed, furthermore, that all of the bath-boys are bardashes [male homosexuals].”

^ (Gazali 2001, p. 106)

^ Kemal Slay (1994). Nedim and the poetics of the Ottoman court. Indiana University. ISBN 1878318098. 

^ (Yilmazkaya & Deniz 2005) discusses occasional licentious activity

References

Cosgrove, J. J. (2001), Design of the Turkish Bath, Books for Business, ISBN 9780894990786, http://books.google.com/books?id=D4cHAAAACAAJ 

Gazali, Mnif Fehim (2001), Book of Shehzade, Dnence, ISBN 9789757054177, http://books.google.com/books?id=PY2LAAAAIAAJ 

Toledano, Ehud R. (2003), State and Society in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Egypt, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521534536, http://books.google.com/books?id=uDQJvkYcTeEC 

Yilmazkaya, Orhan; Deniz, Ogurlu (2005), Turkish Baths: A Light Onto a Tradition and Culture (2 ed.), itlembik, ISBN 9789756663806, http://books.google.com/books?id=psdNPwAACAAJ 

Meunier, Pascal (2009), The last hammams of Cairo A Disappearing Bathhouse Culture, American University in Cairo, ISBN 978 977 416 243 5, http://books.google.com/books?id=Rlvp2KmeZMUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+last+hammams+of+cairo&ei=zN6ES7qiEqO4ywSFie3rCg&hl=fr&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hammams

Hamam History

Hamams in Islamic tradition (cyberbohemia.com)

Photos of Hamams in Muslim and Arabic countries

Baths in Syria, Iran, Turkey, Morocco, Yemen…

The last public bathhouses of Cairo : photos by Pascal Meunier

Introduction of Turkish baths to Europe

Comprehensive site on the Victorian Turkish bath

Other

Michael Palin at Turkish baths in Istanbul – BBC (From Pole to Pole) Uploaded by BBCWorldwide to Youtube

How To Bathe In A Turkish Bath: A Guide For Foreigners

Categories: Turkish culture | Bathing | Ottoman architecture | Turkish architectureHidden categories: Articles containing Arabic language text | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008
About the Author

I am China Chemicals Products writer, reports some information about frog plush toy , plush polar bears.

SPANISH HELP, I NEED TO LEARN, HELP!?

I used to be fluent when I was younger, but as time went on I used it less and less. Now I can barely speak it. Any good books or cd roms that have helped anybody learn? I’m looking to get into the medical field and since most of the patients are hispanic, I really want to learn=)

There are medical dictionaries, books with nice, colorful human organs and their names. Search for what you are really looking for. The medical “field” is huge, so you need to narrow your search to your specialty.

You will not be a social butterfly, you will be dealing mostly with medical terms.

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Benny-Hinn

The United States has produced many television evangelists and Benny Hinn is one of the more well known ones. He has a loyal core of followers and has attracted controversy and detractors too. His charismatic stage presence and merchandising skill has given him a high profile. Comic actor Steve Martin is said to have been inspired by Hinn’s stage presentations, when he played the role of an evangelist in the movie, Leap of Faith. Martin plays a character in need of redemption.

The Christian crusader was born in Israel and was brought up in the Greek Orthodox faith Benny Hinn received a secondary education in Toronto. The public knows him best for his Miracle Crusades meetings, held in large stadiums across American cities. These meetings involve Hinn in faith healing sessions, often with people suffering from very serious conditions. The dramatic scenes are televised. His other outlet is This is Your Day, a show that he hosts and is broadcast on several Christian TV stations. There is a history of religious leaders making prophecies and Benny Hinn has made a series of them, often involving death and catastrophe.

There are many products, available from the Benny Hinn Ministries. They can be ordered online and cover a wide range of faith related merchandise. The iLumina Special Edition is a CD Rom bible that contains quizzes, an encyclopedia, animated sequences and more than 1,000 photographs. It also contains historic maps, bible charts, holy site tours and a bible timeline. This is a useful resource for anyone reading for pleasure or for students doing research.

An English or Spanish inscription from the Psalms is printed on the God’s Promises of Protection Prayer Shawl. The various names are called upon for the Names of Jesus Bracelet and the Names of God Book. The Faith Plaque is printed on gold metal and the Benny Hinn store suggests that it is suitable for the home, church, or workplace. The Bible Foods for Life book is an unusual study of scripture from a food point of view, that notes the nutritional value of foods mentioned in the bible.

There are CDs and DVDs available too, giving inspiration or comfort to the faithful. The CD collection includes a 2 disc set of A Treasury of Hymns and 7 discs of Atmosphere for Healing music. DVDs include the titles, Divine Healing, Miracles and The Life and Passion of Christ.

About the Author

For more information about  Benny Hinn Ministries log on to their website at http://www.bennyhinnbiography.com

Spanish Songs help please!?

So I’m going on a mission trip to Guatemala tomorrow and I have these songs that I have to learn and teach to children in Vacation Bible School. I had the CD with all the songs on it but my mom thought I didn’t need it, so she threw it out. Now I don’t know the tune to any of the songs I have to learn. There are 4 songs.

1. http://www.lyricswizard.com/lyrics_m/Marco_Barrientos_song_lyrics/No_Hay_Nadie_Como_Tu_lyrics_songs/

or

http://coalo_zamorano.hipermusicas.com/%C2%BFquien_como_el_senorzzizz/ (I’m not sure if one of these is the song you’re looking for).

4. http://www.elevatejh.com/Elevate/Mexico_Missions_10_files/Song%20Lyrics.pdf

(Page 2)

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FC Barcelona football news: Perpetually Dominating The Breaking News

One factor which drives all the world and is capable of captivating the entire population in its charisma is the soccer game. Its charismatic clairvoyant is capable of dragging the population either to a single stadium or before any kind of broadcasting system. It is beyond all ages and is above all craze. This particular game is attached with a country’s pride and the citizens worship it with utter madness. In other words, it’s a religion in western countries. fc Barcelona football news always top the news headline chart in the field of sports.

Recently the headline, which was making rounds the corner, was the match between the former team and CD Tenerife Spanish Primera Division, which was held at Camp Nou. This match was an important game for the Spanish Primera Division. The fc Barcelona football news was on low spirits on the following day, as this team seemed to be at a weaker side than its rival team. It seemed to be losing everything from the Tenerife , which was also struggling hard for its survival in the Spanish league. On the other hand, the former team was fighting for maintaining its position at the top of the La Liga table. They finally kissed the victory with an easy game and succeeded in maintaining their ranking in the chart.

From the football news result stats, it has become clear that this second largest city of Spain will go through a tough time next week, as it would be having an one on one with Sevilla . So this particular team should be more cautious and should save maximum fit players in its bassinet. However, rumors are making round the corner that Xavi would be playing with his injured limb for a while. The fc Barcelona football news has aired the statement of the Spanish President, in which he was seen stating that most of the pressure and stress is actually on the Real Madrid team and that his country’s team has always been on the safer side.

On the other hand, Italian football news had a bad day and had nothing special to share with its country men as the country club lost to the Tehran team. The loosing country was not shocked at the loss, but was also embarrassed at the defeat. The winning country was full of joy and every street was seen celebrating the victory.

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The author is an experienced Content writer and publisher on the topics related to Italian football news and fc Barcelona football news.

Does anybody know where I can find a CD with?

songs like “Here I am to Worship” and “Shout To The Lord” in spanish

nope.